When Did Concern For Farm Animal Welfare Begin

Menstruum Description c.14000–1000 BCE The domestication of animals began with dogs. From 8500 to 1000 BCE, cats, sheep, goats, cows, pigs, chickens, donkeys, horses, silkworms, camels, bees, ducks, and reindeer were domesticated by various civilizations.^[one] 1000 BCE–700 CE Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism started teaching ahimsa, nonviolence toward all living beings. Many adherents of these religions began foregoing meat-eating and beast sacrifice, and, in the instance of Jainism, taking keen precautions to avoid injuring animals. The earliest known reference to the idea of non-violence to animals (pashu-ahimsa), apparently in a moral sense, has been institute in the Kapisthala Katha Samhita of the Yajurveda (KapS 31.11), written nearly the 8th century BCE.^[ii] Judaism, Christianity, and Islam began less comprehensive in their concern for animals, merely included some provisions for humane treatment.^[iii] A number of aboriginal Greek and Roman philosophers advocated for vegetarianism and kindness toward animals.^[iv] The aboriginal Indian philosopher Valluvar (between 1st century BCE and 5th century CE) wrote an exclusive chapter on moral vegetarianism in his piece of work Tirukkural, insisting strictly on a institute-based nutrition, with separate capacity on ahimsa (or non-harming) and non-killing.^[v] ^[6] Vivisection for scientific and medical purposes began in ancient Hellenic republic.^[vii] Under the influence of Buddhism, a ban on meat-eating was instated in Japan.^[viii] 1600–1800 Enlightenment philosophers took upward the question of animals and their treatment, some arguing that they were sentient beings who deserved protection.^[9] ^[10] ^[11] The showtime modern animate being protection laws were passed in Ireland and the Massachusetts Bay Colony.^[12] 1800–1914 British Parliament passed the first national animal protection legislation, and the first animal protection and vegetarian organizations formed in the U.S. and U.K.^[13] The American and British anti-vivisection movements grew in the late 19th century, culminating in the Brown Dog affair and failing sharply thereafter.^[fourteen] The Japanese taboo against meat-eating died out nether the Meiji Restoration.^{[ citation needed ]} 1914–1966 The use of animals grew tremendously with the beginning of intensive animate being agronomics in the 1920s^[15] and the increasing role of brute experimentation in science and cosmetics.^[16] Media coverage of beast abuses spurred business over animal welfare in the U.Due south. and U.K., and helped bring most the get-go federal animal welfare legislation in the U.S.^[17] ^[18] The theoretical possibility of in vitro animal products was recognized.^[xix] 1966– Consumption of intensively farmed beast products boomed worldwide, with global meat product ascension from approximately 78 million tons in 1963 to 308 million tons in 2014.^[twenty] In the US and Europe, books, documentaries, and media coverage of controversies surrounding animal cruelty additional the animal rights and welfare movements,^[21] ^[22] ^[23] ^[24] while destructive directly actions past groups like the Animal Liberation Front draw public rebuke and government crackdown.^[25] ^[26] Research on in vitro creature products gained traction,^[19] resulting in the kickoff in vitro meats.^[27] ^[28] Beginning in the late 1980s, Europe took the atomic number 82 in animal welfare reform.^[25] In the West and some other countries, public interest in animal welfare, animate being rights, and plant-based diets increased significantly.^[29] ^[30] ^[31] ^[32]

Year Consequence Land
or region c. 530 BCE Greek philosopher Pythagoras was the first in a line of several Greek and Roman philosophers to teach that animals had souls, and to advocate for vegetarianism.^[four]

c. 269–c. 232 BCE Indian emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism and issued edicts advocating vegetarianism and offer protections to wild and domestic animals.^[33]

100s Greek medical researcher and philosopher Galen'southward experiments on live animals helped establish vivisection as a widely used scientific tool.^[7] ^[34]

675 Japanese Emperor Tenmu, a devout Buddhist, banned eating meat (with exceptions for fish and wildlife).^[eight]

973–1057 Syrian writer and philosopher Al-Ma'arri at some point in his life stopped using any animal products,^[35] ^[36] making him the outset documented vegan.

Early on 1600s Philosopher and scientist René Descartes argued that animals were machines without feeling, and performed biological experiments on living animals.^[nine]

1635 The Parliament of Ireland passed "An Human activity confronting Plowing past the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep", one of the starting time known pieces of animal protection legislation.^[12]

1641 Regulations against "Tirranny or Crueltie" toward domestic animals were included in the Massachusetts Body of Liberties.^[12]

1687 The Japanese ban on eating meat, which had waned with the inflow of Portuguese and Dutch missionaries, was reintroduced by the Tokugawa shogunate. Killing animals was also prohibited.^[eight]

1780 In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation philosopher Jeremy Bentham argued for amend treatment of animals on the basis of their ability to feel pleasure and pain, famously writing, "The question is not, Tin they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Tin can they endure?"^[11]

1822 Led past Richard Martin, British Parliament passed the "Human activity to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Handling of Cattle".^[37]

1824 Richard Martin, forth with Reverend Arthur Broome and abolitionist Member of Parliament William Wilberforce, founded the Lodge for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (at present the Royal Guild for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, RSPCA), the globe'due south starting time brute protection organization.^[37]

1824 Early vegan and anti-vivisectionist Lewis Gompertz published Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Human being and of Brutes, one of the beginning books advocating for animal rights.^[38]

1830s Lewis Gompertz left the SPCA to plant the Animals' Friend Society, opposing all uses of animals which were not for their benefit.^[38]

1835 Britain passed its first Cruelty to Animal Human action after lobbying from the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, expanding existing legislation to protect bulls, dogs, bears, and sheep, and prohibit behave-baiting and cock-fighting.^{[ commendation needed ]}

1847 The term "vegetarian" was coined and the Vegetarian Society was founded in United kingdom.^[39]

1859 Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published, demonstrating that humans are the evolutionary descendants of non-human animals.^[40]

1866 The American Lodge for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established.^[17]

1866 onwards Under the Meiji Restoration and renewed contact with the West, the Japanese taboo against meat-eating was actively discouraged by the government. Meat-eating soon became the norm.^{[ commendation needed ]}

1875 Frances Power Cobbe founded the National Anti-Vivisection Society in United kingdom, the globe'due south first anti-vivisection organisation.^[14]

1876 Subsequently lobbying from anti-vivisectionists, Britain passed the Cruelty to Animals Human action of 1876, the kickoff piece of national legislation to regulate animal experimentation.^[18]

1877 Anna Sewell's Blackness Dazzler, the beginning English novel to be written from the perspective of a not-human being animal, spurred concern for the welfare of horses.^[xiv]

1892 Social reformer Henry Stephens Salt published Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress, an early on exposition of the philosophy of animal rights.^[thirteen]

1902 On 19 March, the International Convention on the Protection of Birds Useful to Agriculture was signed in Paris.^[41]

1903 The Brown Dog affair brought anti-vivisection to the forefront of public debate in Uk; the debate lasted till 1910.^[14]

1906 J. Howard Moore published The Universal Kinship, which advocated for the upstanding consideration and handling of all sentient beings, based on Darwinian principle of shared evolutionary kinship and a universal application of the Golden Rule.^[42]

1923 Intensive animal farming began when Celia Steele raised her first flock of chickens for meat.^[xv]

1933 Nazi Federal republic of germany introduced the law Reichstierschutzgesetz (Reich Animal Protection Human activity).^{[ citation needed ]}

1944 Donald Watson coined the word "vegan" and founded The Vegan Society in Uk.^[39]

1950 On 18 Oct, the International Convention on the Protection of Birds was signed in Paris.^[41]

Early 1950s Willem van Eelen recognized the possibility of generating meat from tissue culture.^[19]

1955 The Society for Brute Protective Legislation (SAPL), the first organization to lobby for humane slaughter legislation in the US, was founded.^[17]

1958 The American Humane Slaughter Human action was passed.^[17]

1960 Indian parliament passed its first national animal welfare legislation, The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Deed.^[43]

1964 The Chase Saboteurs Association was founded in England to sabotage hunts and oppose bloodsports.^[44]

1964 Ruth Harrison's Animal Machines, which documented the weather condition of animals on industrial farms, helped to galvanize the animal movement in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[25]

1964 Largely due to the outcry following Animal Machines, British Parliament formed the Brambell Committee to investigate creature welfare. The Commission ended that animals should be afforded the Five Freedoms, which consisted of the animate being's freedom to "have sufficient freedom of movement to exist able without difficulty to turn effectually, groom itself, go up, lie down, [and] stretch its limbs."^[25] ^[45]

1966 Following public outcry over the cases of Pepper and other mistreated animals, the American Animate being Welfare Human action was passed. This legislation set minimum standards for handling, sale, and transport of dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs, and instated conservative regulations on animal experimentation.^[18]

1968 The original European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Transport, establishing minimal ethical standards for livestock transportation in Europe, was adopted by the Quango of Europe.^[46] ^[47] ^: 58

1970 Fauna rights activist Richard Ryder coined the term "speciesism" to describe the devaluing of nonhuman animals on the basis of species alone.^[48]

1971 The United states of america Section of Agriculture excluded birds, mice, and rats – which make up the vast bulk of animals used in research – from protection under the Animal Welfare Human activity.^[49] ^[50]

1971 Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans is published which argued explicitly in favour of animal liberation/beast rights.^[51]

1973 On iii March, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Animal and Flora (CITES) was adopted in Washington, D.C..^[52]

1974 Ronnie Lee and Cliff Goodman of the Band of Mercy, a militant group founded past former members of the Chase Saboteurs Association, were jailed for firebombing a British animal research eye.^[53]

1974 The Quango of Europe passed a directive requiring that animals be rendered unconscious before slaughter.^[25]

1974 Henry Spira founded Animal Rights International after attention a course on beast liberation given past Peter Singer.^[54]

1975 Peter Vocalist published Animal Liberation, whose depictions of the conditions of animals on farms and in laboratories and utilitarian arguments for animal liberation were to have a major influence on the animate being movement.^[21]

1976 The European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes, which mandated that animals be kept in conditions meeting their "physiological and ethological needs", was adopted past the Council of Europe.^[25]

1976 Released from prison, Ronnie Lee founded the Animal Liberation Front end in Britain, which soon spread to the Us.^[53]

1976–1977 Under the leadership of Henry Spira, Brute Rights International led a successful campaign to cease harmful experiments performed on cats at the American Museum of Natural History.^[55]

1979 On x May, the European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter, seeking 'to help harmonise methods of slaughter in Europe and make them more than humane', was adopted past the Quango of Europe.^[56]

1979 On 19 September, the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats was adopted by the Council of Europe in Bern.^[57]

1979 On 20 Dec, the Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña was signed betwixt Bolivia, Republic of chile, Ecuador and Peru, in 1981 joined past Argentina, based on an before treaty signed on sixteen Baronial 1969 in La Paz.^[58]

1980 A campaign past Animal Rights International opposing Draize tests performed on rabbits by the cosmetics company Revlon resulted in Revlon making a $250,000 grant to Rockefeller University to research alternatives to animal experimentation. Several other major cosmetics companies soon followed suit.^[22]

1980 In March, Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco founded People for the Ethical Handling of Animals (PETA).^[59]

1981–1983 The Silver Bound monkey controversy began when Alex Pacheco's undercover investigation of Edward Taub's monkey research laboratory resulted in Taub's arrest for animal cruelty. Taub was later bedevilled on six counts of inadequate veterinary care, which was then overturned on the grounds that country fauna welfare laws did not apply to federally-funded experiments.^[23]

1982 The International Whaling Commission (IWC) banned commercial whaling past a 1982 moratorium, effective from 1986.^[lx]

1983 Tom Regan published The Example for Animal Rights, a highly influential philosophical argument that animals had rights (as opposed to Peter Vocalizer'south utilitarian case for creature liberation).^[61]

1986 The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes to regulate the handling and protection of test animals was adopted by the Council of Europe.^[47] Simultaneously and in close coordination with the Council of Europe, Directive 86/609/EEC (later replaced past Directive 2010/63/EU) was developed and adopted past the European Communities.^[47]

1987 The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals promote the welfare of pets and ensure minimum standards for their treatment and protection was adopted past the Quango of Europe.^[62]

1989 Gary Francione became the beginning academic to teach animal rights theory in an American law school, at Rutgers Law School.^{[ citation needed ]}

1990 PETA and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine concluded their highly publicized legal battle over the Silver Leap monkeys, failing to proceeds custody of the animals.^[23]

1992 Switzerland became the first country to include protections for animals in its constitution.^[25]

1995 Publication of Gary Francione's Animals, Property, and the Police force (1995), arguing that because animals are the belongings of humans, laws that supposedly require their "humane" treatment and prohibit the infliction of "unnecessary" harm do non provide a significant level of protection for animal interests.^[63]

1996 Publication of Gary Francione's Rain Without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement, arguing that at that place are significant theoretical and applied differences between the messaging of the fauna rights advocacy, which he maintains requires the abolitionism of animal exploitation, and the messaging of animal welfare advocates, which seeks to regulate exploitation to go along the exploitation while making information technology (appear as) less painful and more humane (as in laboratory IACUCs and regulated cattle ranching).^{[ commendation needed ]}

1997 The European Wedlock's Protocol on Fauna Protection was annexed to the treaty establishing the European Community. The Protocol recognized animals every bit "sentient beings" (rather than mere property) and required countries to pay "full regard to the welfare requirements of animals" when making laws regarding their use.^[25]

1998 The European union passed the Quango Directive 98/58/EC Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which was based on a revised Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst; from discomfort; from pain, injury, and disease; from fear and distress; and to express normal behavior.^[25]

1999 Willem van Eelen secured the commencement patent for in vitro meat.^[19]

1999 European union Quango Directive 1999/74/EC^[64] was legislation passed by the European Marriage on the minimum standards for keeping egg laying hens which effectively banned conventional battery cages.

2000–2009 Bans on fur farming were instituted in the United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[25] ^[65]

2001 The European Court of Justice issued a conservative interpretation of the 1997 Protocol on Animal Protection in the Jippes case, stating that the law did not create new protections for animals just just codified existing ones.^[25]

2003 The revised European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Ship, establishing more detailed ethical standards for livestock transportation in Europe than the original 1968 convention, was adopted by the Council of Europe.^[46] ^[47] ^{: sixty–61}

2006 Veal crates became illegal in the EU.^[25]

2008 Spain passed a non-legislative measure out to grant non-man primates the right to life, liberty, and freedom from use in experiments. Even so, this required farther action by the authorities to become formal law, which was not taken.^[25]

2008 California passed a ballot measure requiring that a craven "be able to extend its limbs fully and turn around freely". This has been described every bit a ban on battery cages, but battery cages giving 116 foursquare inches per hen were immune under the police.^[66] ^[67]

2009 In 2009, Bolivia became the first land to ban all animal utilise in circuses.^[68]

2009 After a like 1991 ban in the Canary Islands, the Catalan Parliament adopted a ban on bullfighting in Catalonia in December 2009, effective Jan 2012. Still, it was overturned by the Castilian Constitutional Court in October 2016.^[69]

2010 Gary Yourofsky'south YouTube lecture on veganism and factory farming entitled "Best Speech You Volition E'er Hear" was translated into Hebrew, and went viral in State of israel. The speech helped bulldoze a surge in Israeli interest in veganism and animate being rights.^[70] ^[71]

2010 European union Directive 2010/63/EU^[72] was the EU legislation "on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes" and became 1 of the virtually stringent ethical and welfare standards worldwide.^[73]

2011–2016 Subsequently undercover investigations sparked public outrage over animal abuse on industrial farms, several American states introduced "ag-gag" laws in an effort to criminalize such investigations.^[74]

2012 The EU'due south ban on bombardment cages went into outcome. Furnished cages were still allowed, yet.^[25]

2012 A group of prominent scientists issued the Cambridge Announcement on Consciousness, which stated that "the weight of show indicates that humans are non unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including insects and octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates."^[75]

2013

The world's start cultured meat product (a hamburger), developed by the Maastricht University team of Mark Post (mostly sponsored by Sergey Brin), was publicly tested by Hanni Rützler in London.^[76]

2013 The Eu banned testing cosmetics on animals.^[29]

2013 The Nonhuman Rights Project filed the first-always lawsuits on behalf of chimpanzees, demanding courts grant them the right to bodily liberty via a writ of habeas corpus.^[77] The petitions were denied and the cases moved on to appellate courts.^[78]

2013 The Great britain legislation to protect animals in research, The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Deed 1986, was amended to protect "...all living vertebrates, other than human being, and any living cephalopod." Previously, the only protected invertebrate was the common octopus.^{[ citation needed ]}

2014 The American Animal Cruelty Investigations School was established in the U.s.a. with the mission to provide police force enforcement and animal intendance and command professionals training in the expanse of animate being cruelty investigations.^[79]

2014 India became the first country in Asia to ban testing cosmetics on animals as well equally imports of fauna-tested cosmetics.^[80]

2015 In a survey of Israelis, viii% of respondents identified as vegetarian and 5% as vegan (up from ii.5% vegetarians in 2010),^[81] making State of israel the land with the highest per centum of vegans.^[82]

2015 New Zealand passes the Brute Welfare Amendment Bill, stating animals like humans are sentient beings.^[83]

2015–2016 Following major public backlash prompted past the 2013 picture show Blackfish, SeaWorld appear it would end its controversial orca shows and breeding programme.^[84]

2015–2016 In the U.Southward., a number of major egg buyers and producers switched from battery-muzzle to cage-complimentary eggs.^[85] ^[86] ^[87]

2016 Cellular agriculture company Memphis Meats appear the creation of the get-go in vitro meatball.^[28]

2018 On December xx, 2018, the federal Dog and Cat Meat Merchandise Prohibition Act was signed into police as part of the 2018 Farm Neb, making it illegal to slaughter a dog or cat for food in the United States, with exceptions for ritual slaughter.^[88]

2019 A proposal to ban factory farming in Switzerland accomplished 100,000 signatures, forcing a nationwide election on the upshot.^[89]

2019 On June 13, 2019,^[90] the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig, Germany, ruled that the current fashion of killing unwanted chicks "violates the country's laws against killing animals without a justifiable reason."^[91]

2019 On October 12, 2019, California banned the auction and industry of near animate being fur, with some exceptions such as for cowhide or religious observances, effective January 1, 2023.^[92]

2020 In January 2020, an employment tribunal in Britain ruled that upstanding veganism is a "philosophical belief" and therefore is protected in police. This was the first time an employment tribunal in U.k. ruled this. This was in regards to vegan Jordi Casamitjana, who stated he was fired by the League Against Cruel Sports due to his ethical veganism.^[93]

2020 On July 2, 2020, a referendum launched on improving legislation for animals in French republic, organized through the collaboration of 25 French animal rights and welfare organizations, including L214 and CIWF.^[94]

2020 In Dec 2020, the first cultured meat product in the world entered the market after being approved by the Singapore Nutrient Agency.^[95]

2020 In December 2020, the European Court of Justice ruled that member states of the European Matrimony may require a reversible pre-cut stunning process during ritual slaughter in social club to promote animal welfare.^[96]

2021 The United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland passed legislation formally recognizing animals equally sentient beings.^[97]

2021 In a US court, animals were recognized as "interested persons" for the commencement time.^[98]

2021 Octopuses, venereal and lobsters were recognized nether Great britain law as sentient beings.^[99]

2021 In December 2021, Kingdom of spain approved a law recognizing animals as sentient beings.^[100]

2022 Per i Jan 2022, Germany and France jointly became the commencement countries in the earth to prohibit all chick alternative, equally they called on other European union member states to do the same.^[101]

2022 In Feb 2022, the electorate in Basel-Stadt in northern Switzerland got to vote on enshrining the bones rights of all non-man primates in the cantonal constitution. While the ballot initiative fell through, it was the first time in history that such a vote had taken place.^[102]

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights

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